From the Forest to the concert call: The Secrets of wood selection in the crafting of string musical instruments
The technology of handcrafting a musical instrument, from raw pieces of wood to a delicate violin, viola, or cello, is a complex and multifaceted process that requires careful consideration at every step. One of the most crucial aspects is the choice of tone wood, which has an extraordinary impact on the instrument’s sound. The precise selection of wood contributes to the responsiveness, weight, and overall characteristics of the instruments.
In the world of violinmaking, spruce is used for the top of the musical instrument, while maple is preferred for the back, sides, and neck. Alternatives like poplar can sometimes replace maple, but each type of wood is chosen for its unique sound characteristics. Spruce, as a coniferous tree, shows variations in growth and characteristics in different regions, offering lighter and softer wood. In contrast, maple is a deciduous tree that grows at lower altitudes, and its wood is denser and harder. The weight ratio between spruce and maple is a secret in lutherie and is a delicate balance that determines the sound of the instrument, which is different for each instrument. Key criteria for wood selection include the width of the annual rings, which vary for maple and spruce, the grain direction after cutting, weight, and pattern. Specific wood types determine the desired sound for each instrument. The choice of spruce and maple is crucial, as each plays a different role. Spruce, as a lighter and softer material, enhances resonance and responsiveness, while maple, being denser and harder, contributes to stability, durability, and the beauty of the sound. The delicate balance between these two types of wood shapes the harmonious interaction needed to create a master musical instrument.
The timing of wood harvesting is essential, with late autumn and winter considered optimal when the leaves have fallen and the tree sap is not circulating in the trunks. Another important factor is to avoid cutting during a full moon. Factors such as the geographical region, altitude, and humidity play a significant role in wood selection. The moisture of the region determines the width of the annual rings. Manual splitting with wedges and a hammer is of great importance. Once harvested, the wood must be stored in an open and ventilated place, without direct sunlight. A minimum of ten years of drying is necessary before the wood can be used to make high-quality musical instruments. This helps eliminate harmful stresses or residual moisture that can negatively affect the sound and create defects in the instrument’s structure.